Gibbs-Duhem Integration

• GD equation can be used to derive Clapeyron equation

  • equation for coexistence line

• Treat as a nonlinear first-order ODE

  • use simulation to evaluate right-hand side

• Trace an integration path the coincides with the coexistence line

Field variable

(pressure)

Field variable

(temperature)

V

L

S

critical point

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