He  was  lying  on  something  that  felt like a camp bed,
except that it was higher off the ground and that he was  fixed
down  in  some way so that he could not move. Light that seemed
stronger than usual  was  falling  on  his  face.  O'Brien  was
standing  at  his  side,  looking  down at him intently. At the
other side of him stood a  man  in  a  white  coat,  holding  a
hypodermic syringe.
     Even  after his eyes were open he took in his surroundings
only gradually. He had the impression of swimming up into  this
room  from  some  quite  different  world, a sort of underwater
world far beneath it. How long he had been down  there  he  did
not  know.  Since  the moment when they arrested him he had not
seen darkness or  daylight.  Besides,  his  memories  were  not
continuous.  There  had been times when consciousness, even the
sort of consciousness that one has in sleep, had  stopped  dead
and  started  again  after  a  blank  interval. But whether the
intervals were of days or weeks or only seconds, there  was  no
way of knowing.
     With  that  first  blow  on  the  elbow  the nightmare had
started. Later he was to realize that all  that  then  happened
was  merely  a  preliminary,  a  routine interrogation to which
nearly all prisoners were subjected. There was a long range  of
crimes  --  espionage,  sabotage,  and  the  like  --  to which
everyone had to confess as a matter of course.  The  confession
was a formality, though the torture was real. How many times he
had  been beaten, how long the beatings had continued, he could
not remember. Always there  were  five  or  six  men  in  black
uniforms   at  him  simultaneously.  Sometimes  it  was  fists,
sometimes it was  truncheons,  sometimes  it  was  steel  rods,
sometimes  it  was boots. There were times when he rolled about
the floor, as shameless as an animal, writhing  his  body  this
way and that in an endless, hopeless effort to dodge the kicks,
and  simply  inviting  more and yet more kicks, in his ribs, in
his belly, on his elbows, on his shins, in his  groin,  in  his
testicles,  on  the  bone  at the base of his spine. There were
times  when  it  went  on  and  on  until  the  cruel,  wicked,
unforgivable  thing seemed to him not that the guards continued
to beat him but that he could not force  hirnself  into  losing
consciousness.  There  were times when his nerve so forsook him
that he began shouting for mercy even before the beating began,
when the mere sight of a fist drawn back for a blow was  enough
to  make  him  pour  forth  a  confession of real and imaginary
crimes. There were other times when he  started  out  with  the
resolve of confessing nothing, when every word had to be forced
out  of him between gasps of pain, and there were times when he
feebly tried to compromise, when he said to  himself:  'I  will
confess,  but  not  yet.  I must hold out till the pain becomes
unbearable. Three more kicks, two more kicks, and then  I  will
tell  them  what  they  want.'  Sometimes he was beaten till he
could hardly stand, then flung like a sack of  potatoes  on  to
the  stone floor of a cell, left to recuperate for a few hours,
and then taken out and beaten again.  There  were  also  longer
periods  of  recovery.  He  remembered them dimly, because they
were spent chiefly in sleep or stupor.  He  remembered  a  cell
with  a  plank bed, a sort of shelf sticking out from the wall,
and a tin wash-basin, and meals  of  hot  soup  and  bread  and
sometimes  coffee.  He  remembered  a  surly barber arriving to
scrape  his  chin  and  crop  his   hair,   and   businesslike,
unsympathetic men in white coats feeling his pulse, tapping his
reflexes,  turning  up  his eyelids, running harsh fingers over
him in search for broken bones, and shooting needles  into  his
arm to make him sleep.
     The  beatings  grew  less  frequent,  and  became mainly a
threat, a horror to which he could be sent back at  any  moment
when  his answers were unsatisfactory. His questioners now were
not ruffians in black uniforms but Party intellectuals,  little
rotund  men  with  quick movements and flashing spectacles, who
worked on him  in  relays  over  periods  which  lasted  --  he
thought,  he  could  not  be  sure  -- ten or twelve hours at a
stretch. These other questioners saw  to  it  that  he  was  in
constant  slight  pain,  but  it was not chiefly pain that they
relied on. They slapped his face, wrung his  ears.  pulled  his
hair,  made him stand on one leg, refused him leave to urinate,
shone glaring lights in his face until his eyes ran with water;
but the aim of this was simply to humiliate him and destroy his
power of arguing and  reasoning.  Their  real  weapon  was  the
merciless  questioning  that  went  on and on, hour after hour,
tripping him up, laying traps for him, twisting everything that
he  said,  convicting  him  at   every   step   of   lies   and
self-contradiction until he began weeping as much from shame as
from nervous fatigue Sometimes he would weep half a dozen times
in  a  single  session. Most of the time they screamed abuse at
him and threatened at every hesitation to deliver him  over  to
the  guards  again;  but  sometimes  they would suddenly change
their tune, call him comrade, appeal to  him  in  the  name  of
Ingsoc  and  Big  Brother, and ask him sorrowfully whether even
now he had not enough loyalty to the Party  left  to  make  him
wish to undo the evil he had done. When his nerves were in rags
after  hours  of questioning, even this appeal could reduce him
to snivelling tears. In the end the nagging  voices  broke  him
down more completely than the boots and fists of the guards. He
became  simply  a  mouth  that  uttered,  a  hand  that signed,
whatever was demanded of him. His sole concern was to find  out
what  they  wanted him to confess, and then confess it quickly,
before  the  bullying  started  anew.  He  confessed   to   the
assassination  of  eminent  Party  members, the distribution of
seditious pamphlets, embezzlement  of  public  funds,  sale  of
military  secrets, sabotage of every kind. He confessed that he
had been a spy in the pay of the Eastasian  government  as  far
back as 1968. He confessed that he was a religious believer, an
admirer  of capitalism, and a sexual pervert. He confessed that
he had murdered his wife, although he knew, and his questioners
must have known, that his wife was still  alive.  He  confessed
that for years he had been in personal touch with Goldstein and
had  been  a  member  of  an underground organization which had
included almost every human being he had  ever  known.  It  was
easier  to confess everything and implicate everybody. Besides,
in a sense it was all true. It was true that he  had  been  the
enemy  of  the Party, and in the eyes of the Party there was no
distinction between the thought and the deed.
     There were also memories of another kind. They  stood  out
in  his  mind  disconnectedly, like pictures with blackness all
round them.
     He was in a cell which might  have  been  either  dark  or
light, because he could see nothing except a pair of eyes. Near
at  hand  some  kind  of  instrument  was  ticking  slowly  and
regularly. The eyes grew larger and more luminous. Suddenly  he
floated out of his seat, dived into the eyes, and was swallowed
up.
     He  was  strapped  into a chair surrounded by dials, under
dazzling lights. A man in a white coat was reading  the  dials.
There  was  a  tramp  of  heavy boots outside. The door clanged
open. The waxed-faced  officer  marched  in,  followed  by  two
guards.
     'Room 101,' said the officer.
     The  man  in the white coat did not turn round. He did not
look at Winston either; he was looking only at the dials.
     He was rolling down a mighty corridor, a  kilometre  wide,
full  of  glorious,  golden  light,  roaring  with laughter and
shouting out confessions at  the  top  of  his  voice.  He  was
confessing  everything,  even  the  things  he had succeeded in
holding back under the torture.  He  was  relating  the  entire
history  of  his  life to an audience who knew it already. With
him were the guards, the other questioners, the  men  in  white
coats,  O'Brien,  Julia,  Mr  Charrington, all rolling down the
corridor together and shouting  with  laughter.  Some  dreadful
thing  which  had  lain embedded in the future had somehow been
skipped over and had not happened. Everything  was  all  right,
there  was  no  more pain, the last detail of his life was laid
bare, understood, forgiven.
     He was starting  up  from  the  plank  bed  in  the  half-
certainty  that  he  had heard O'Brien's voice. All through his
interrogation, although he had never seen him, he had  had  the
feeling  that  O'Brien  was at his elbow, just out of sight. It
was O'Brien who was directing everything. It was he who set the
guards on to Winston and who prevented them from  killing  him.
It  was  he  who  decided when Winston should scream with pain,
when he should have a respite, when he should be fed,  when  he
should  sleep, when the drugs should be pumped into his arm. It
was he who asked the questions and suggested  the  answers.  He
was the tormentor, he was the protector, he was the inquisitor,
he  was  the  friend.  And  once  -- Winston could not remember
whether it was in drugged sleep, or in normal sleep, or even in
a moment of wakefulness -- a voice murmured in his ear:  'Don't
worry,  Winston;  you are in my keeping. For seven years I have
watched over you. Now the turning-point has come. I shall  save
you,  I shall make you perfect.' He was not sure whether it was
O'Brien's voice; but it was the same voice  that  had  said  to
him,  'We  shall meet in the place where there is no darkness,'
in that other dream, seven years ago.
     He did not remember any ending to his interrogation. There
was a period of blackness and then the cell, or room, in  which
he  now was had gradually materialized round him. He was almost
flat on his back, and unable to move. His body was held down at
every essential point. Even the back of his head was gripped in
some manner. O'Brien was looking down at him gravely and rather
sadly. His face, seen from below, looked coarse and worn,  with
pouches  under  the  eyes and tired lines from nose to chin. He
was  older  than  Winston  had  thought  him;  he  was  perhaps
forty-eight  or  fifty.  Under his hand there was a dial with a
lever on top and figures running round the face.
     'I told you,' said O'Brien, 'that if we met again it would
be here.'
     'Yes,' said Winston.
     Without any warning except a slight movement of  O'Brien's
hand,  a  wave  of  pain flooded his body. It was a frightening
pain, because he could not see what was happening, and  he  had
the  feeling  that some mortal injury was being done to him. He
did not know whether the thing was really happening, or whether
the effect was electrically produced ; but his body  was  being
wrenched out of shape, the joints were being slowly torn apart.
Although  the  pain  had brought the sweat out on his forehead,
the worst of all was the fear that his backbone  was  about  to
snap.  He  set  his  teeth  and breathed hard through his nose,
trying to keep silent as long as possible.
     'You are afraid,' said O'Brien, watching his  face,  'that
in  another  moment  something is going to break. Your especial
fear is that it will be your backbone. You have a vivid  mental
picture  of  the  vertebrae snapping apart and the spinal fluid
dripping out of them. That is what you are thinking, is it not,
Winston?'
     Winston did not answer. O'Brien drew back the lever on the
dial. The wave of pain receded almost  as  quickly  as  it  had
come.
     'That  was  forty,'  said  O'Brien.  'You can see that the
numbers on this dial run up  to  a  hundred.  Will  you  please
remember,  throughout  our  conversation,  that I have it in my
power to inflict pain on you at  any  moment  and  to  whatever
degree  I  choose?  If  you  tell  me  any  lies, or attempt to
prevaricate in any way, or even fall below your usual level  of
intelligence,  you  will  cry  out with pain, instantly. Do you
understand that?'
     'Yes,' said Winston.
     O'Brien's manner became  less  severe.  He  resettled  his
spectacles  thoughtfully,  and  took a pace or two up and down.
When he spoke his voice was gentle and patient. He had the  air
of  a  doctor, a teacher, even a priest, anxious to explain and
persuade rather than to punish.
     'I am taking trouble with you, Winston,' he said, 'because
you are worth trouble. You know  perfectly  well  what  is  the
matter  with  you. You have known it for years, though you have
fought against the knowledge. You are  mentally  deranged.  You
suffer from a defective memory. You are unable to remember real
events and you persuade yourself that you remember other events
which never happened. Fortunately it is curable. You have never
cured  yourself of it, because you did not choose to. There was
a small effort of the will that you were  not  ready  to  make.
Even  now,  I  am  well aware, you are clinging to your disease
under the impression that it is a virtue. Now we will  take  an
example. At this moment, which power is Oceania at war with?'
     'When I was arrested, Oceania was at war with Eastasia.
     'With  Eastasia.  Good. And Oceania has always been at war
with Eastasia, has it not?'
     Winston drew in his breath. He opened his mouth  to  speak
and  then  did  not speak. He could not take his eyes away from
the dial.
     'The truth, please, Winston. Your  truth.  Tell  me
what you think you remember.'
     'I  remember that until only a week before I was arrested,
we were not at war with Eastasia at all. We  were  in  alliance
with  them.  The  war  was against Eurasia. That had lasted for
four years. Before that -- '
     O'Brien stopped him with a movement of the hand.
     'Another example,' he said. 'Some years ago you had a very
serious delusion indeed. You believed  that  three  men,  three
onetime Party members named Jones, Aaronson, and Rutherford men
who  were  executed for treachery and sabotage after making the
fullest possible confession -- were not guilty  of  the  crimes
they  were  charged  with.  You  believed  that  you  had  seen
unmistakable   documentary   evidence   proving   that    their
confessions  were  false.  There was a certain photograph about
which you had  a  hallucination.  You  believed  that  you  had
actually  held  it in your hands. It was a photograph something
like this.'
     An oblong slip of newspaper had appeared between O'Brien's
fingers. For perhaps five seconds it was within  the  angle  of
Winston's  vision.  It  was  a  photograph,  and  there  was no
question of its identity. It was the photograph. It  was
another   copy  of  the  photograph  of  Jones,  Aaronson,  and
Rutherford at the party function in  New  York,  which  he  had
chanced  upon eleven years ago and promptly destroyed. For only
an instant it was before his eyes, then it  was  out  of  sight
again.  But  he  had seen it, unquestionably he had seen it! He
made a desperate, agonizing effort to wrench the  top  half  of
his  body  free.  It  was  impossible  to  move  so  much  as a
centimetre in  any  direction.  For  the  moment  he  had  even
forgotten the dial. All he wanted was to hold the photograph in
his fingers again, or at least to see it.
     'It exists!' he cried.
     'No,' said O'Brien.
     He stepped across the room. There was a memory hole in the
opposite  wall.  O'Brien  lifted the grating. Unseen, the frail
slip of paper was whirling away on the current of warm air;  it
was vanishing in a flash of flame. O'Brien turned away from the
wall.
     'Ashes,'  he  said. 'Not even identifiable ashes. Dust. It
does not exist. It never existed.'
     'But it did exist! It does exist! It exists in  memory.  I
remember it. You remember it.'
     'I do not remember it,' said O'Brien.
     Winston's  heart  sank.  That  was  doublethink.  He had a
feeling of deadly helplessness. If he could have  been  certain
that O'Brien was lying, it would not have seemed to matter. But
it was perfectly possible that O'Brien had really forgotten the
photograph. And if so, then already he would have forgotten his
denial  of remembering it, and forgotten the act of forgetting.
How could one be sure that it was simple trickery? Perhaps that
lunatic dislocation in the mind could really happen:  that  was
the thought that defeated him.
     O'Brien  was  looking down at him speculatively. More than
ever he had the air of a teacher taking pains  with  a  wayward
but promising child.
     'There  is  a Party slogan dealing with the control of the
past,' he said. 'Repeat it, if you please.'
     "Who controls the past controls the future:  who  controls
the present controls the past," repeated Winston obediently.
     "Who   controls  the  present  controls  the  past,"  said
O'Brien, nodding his head  with  slow  approval.  'Is  it  your
opinion, Winston, that the past has real existence?'
     Again  the feeling of helplessness descended upon Winston.
His eyes flitted towards the dial. He not  only  did  not  know
whether  'yes'  or 'no' was the answer that would save him from
pain; he did not even know which answer he believed to  be  the
true one.
     O'Brien   smiled   faintly.  'You  are  no  metaphysician,
Winston,' he said. 'Until this moment you had never  considered
what  is meant by existence. I will put it more precisely. Does
the past exist concretely, in  space?  Is  there  somewhere  or
other  a  place,  a  world  of solid objects, where the past is
still happening?'
     'No.'
     'Then where does the past exist, if at all?'
     'In records. It is written down.'
     'In records. And- ?'
     'In the mind. In human memories.
     'In memory. Very well, then. We, the  Party,  control  all
records, and we control all memories. Then we control the past,
do we not?'
     'But  how  can  you stop people remembering things?' cried
Winston  again  momentarily  forgetting  the   dial.   'It   is
involuntary. It is outside oneself. How can you control memory?
You have not controlled mine!'
     O'Brien's manner grew stern again. He laid his hand on the
dial.
     'On   the   contrary,'   he  said,  'you  have  not
controlled it. That is what has brought you here. You are  here
because  you  have failed in humility, in self- discipline. You
would not make the act of submission  which  is  the  price  of
sanity.  You preferred to be a lunatic, a minority of one. Only
the disciplined mind can see reality, Winston. You believe that
reality is something objective, external, existing in  its  own
right.   You  also  believe  that  the  nature  of  reality  is
self-evident. When you delude yourself into thinking  that  you
see  something,  you  assume  that  everyone else sees the same
thing as you. But I tell you,  Winston,  that  reality  is  not
external.  Reality  exists in the human mind, and nowhere else.
Not in the individual mind, which can make mistakes, and in any
case soon perishes: only in the mind of  the  Party,  which  is
collective  and  immortal.  Whatever  the Party holds to be the
truth, is truth. It is impossible to see reality  except
by looking through the eyes of the Party. That is the fact that
you  have  got  to  relearn,  Winston. It needs an act of self-
destruction, an effort of the will. You  must  humble  yourself
before you can become sane.'
     He  paused  for  a few moments, as though to allow what he
had been saying to sink in.
     'Do you remember,' he went on, ' writing  in  your  diary,
"Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four"?'
     'Yes,' said Winston.
     O'Brien  held  up his left hand, its back towards Winston,
with the thumb hidden and the four fingers extended.
     'How many fingers am I holding up, Winston?
     'Four.'
     'And if the party says that it is not  four  but  five  --
then how many?'
     'Four.'
     The  word  ended in a gasp of pain. The needle of the dial
had shot up to fifty-five. The sweat had sprung  out  all  over
Winston's body. The air tore into his lungs and issued again in
deep  groans  which  even  by  clenching his teeth he could not
stop. O'Brien watched him, the four fingers still extended.  He
drew  back  the  lever.  This  time  the pain was only slightly
eased.
     'How many fingers, Winston?'
     'Four.'
     The needle went up to sixty.
     'How many fingers, Winston?'
     'Four! Four! What else can I say? Four!'
     The needle must have risen again, but he did not  look  at
it.  The  heavy,  stern  face  and  the four fingers filled his
vision. The fingers stood up  before  his  eyes  like  pillars,
enormous,  blurry,  and  seeming  to  vibrate, but unmistakably
four.
     'How many fingers, Winston?'
     'Four! Stop it, stop it! How can you go on? Four! Four!'
     'How many fingers, Winston?'
     'Five! Five! Five!'
     'No, Winston, that is no use. You  are  lying.  You  still
think there are four. How many fingers, please?'
     'Four!  five!  Four! Anything you like. Only stop it, stop
the pain!
     Abruptly he was sitting up with O'Brien's  arm  round  his
shoulders. He had perhaps lost consciousness for a few seconds.
The  bonds  that  had held his body down were loosened. He felt
very cold,  he  was  shaking  uncontrollably,  his  teeth  were
chattering,  the  tears  were  rolling  down  his cheeks. For a
moment he clung to O'Brien like a baby, curiously comforted  by
the  heavy  arm  round  his  shoulders. He had the feeling that
O'Brien was his protector, that the  pain  was  something  that
came  from  outside,  from  some  other source, and that it was
O'Brien who would save him from it.
     'You are a slow learner, Winston,' said O'Brien gently.
     'How can I help it?' he blubbered. 'How can I help  seeing
what is in front of my eyes? Two and two are four.
     Sometimes,  Winston.  Sometimes  they  are five. Sometimes
they are three. Sometimes they are all of  them  at  once.  You
must try harder. It is not easy to become sane.'
     He  laid  Winston  down  on the bed. The grip of his limbs
tightened again, but the pain had ebbed away and the  trembling
had stopped, leaving him merely weak and cold. O'Brien motioned
with  his  head  to  the  man  in the white coat, who had stood
immobile throughout the proceedings. The man in the white  coat
bent  down  and  looked  closely  into Winston's eyes, felt his
pulse, laid an ear against his chest, tapped  here  and  there,
then he nodded to O'Brien.
     'Again,' said O'Brien.
     The pain flowed into Winston's body. The needle must be at
seventy,  seventy-five. He had shut his eyes this time. He knew
that the fingers were still there, and  still  four.  All  that
mattered was somehow to stay alive until the spasm was over. He
had ceased to notice whether he was crying out or not. The pain
lessened  again. He opened his eyes. O'Brien had drawn back the
lever.
     'How many fingers, Winston?'
     'Four. I suppose there are four. I would  see  five  if  I
could. I am trying to see five.'
     'Which  do  you wish: to persuade me that you see five, or
really to see them?'
     'Really to see them.'
     'Again,' said O'Brien.
     Perhaps the needle was eighty -- ninety. Winston could not
intermittently remember why the pain was happening. Behind  his
screwed-up eyelids a forest of fingers seemed to be moving in a
sort  of  dance,  weaving  in  and out, disappearing behind one
another and reappearing again. He was trying to count them,  he
could  not remember why. He knew only that it was impossible to
count them, and that this was somehow  due  to  the  mysterious
identity  between five and four. The pain died down again. When
he opened his eyes it was to find that he was still seeing  the
same  thing. Innumerable fingers, like moving trees, were still
streaming past in either direction, crossing and recrossing. He
shut his eyes again.
     'How many fingers am I holding up, Winston?'
     'I don't know. I don't know. You will kill me  if  you  do
that again. Four, five, six -- in all honesty I don't know.'
     'Better,' said O'Brien.
     A  needle  slid  into  Winston's  arm.  Almost in the same
instant a blissful, healing warmth spread all through his body.
The pain was already half-forgotten. He  opened  his  eyes  and
looked  up  gratefully at O'Brien. At sight of the heavy, lined
face, so ugly and so intelligent,  his  heart  seemed  to  turn
over. If he could have moved he would have stretched out a hand
and laid it on O'Brien arm. He had never loved him so deeply as
at this moment, and not merely because he had stopped the pain.
The  old  feeling,  that  it  bottom  it did not matter whether
O'Brien was a friend or an enemy, had come back. O'Brien was  a
person  who  could be talked to. Perhaps one did not want to be
loved so much as to be understood. O'Brien had tortured him  to
the  edge  of lunacy, and in a little while, it was certain, he
would send him to his death. It made  no  difference.  In  some
sense  that  went  deeper than friendship, they were intimates:
somewhere or other, although the actual words  might  never  be
spoken,  there  was  a  place  where  they could meet and talk.
O'Brien was looking  down  at  him  with  an  expression  which
suggested  that the same thought might be in his own mind. When
he spoke it was in an easy, conversational tone.
     'Do you know where you are, Winston?' he said.
     'I don't know. I can guess. In the Ministry of Love.'
     'Do you know how long you have been here?'
     'I don't know. Days,  weeks,  months  --  I  think  it  is
months.'
     'And  why  do  you  imagine  that  we bring people to this
place?'
     'To make them confess.'
     'No, that is not the reason. Try again.'
     'To punish them.'
     'No!'   exclaimed   O'Brien.   His   voice   had   changed
extraordinarily,  and  his  face had suddenly become both stern
and animated. 'No! Not merely to extract your  confession,  not
to  punish  you. Shall I tell you why we have brought you here?
To cure you ! To make you sane ! Will you understand,  Winston,
that  no  one whom we bring to this place ever leaves our hands
uncured? We are not interested in those stupid crimes that  you
have  committed.  The Party is not interested in the overt act:
the thought is all we care about. We do not merely destroy  our
enemies,  we  change  them.  Do  you  understand what I mean by
that?'
     He was bending over  Winston.  His  face  looked  enormous
because of its nearness, and hideously ugly because it was seen
from below. Moreover it was filled with a sort of exaltation, a
lunatic intensity. Again Winston's heart shrank. If it had been
possible  he  would  have  cowered deeper into the bed. He felt
certain that O'Brien was about to twist the dial out  of  sheer
wantonness.  At  this  moment, however, O'Brien turned away. He
took a pace  or  two  up  and  down.  Then  he  continued  less
vehemently:
     'The  first  thing  for  you to understand is that in this
place there are no martyrdoms. You have read of  the  religious
persecutions  of  the  past.  In  the Middle Ages there was the
Inquisitlon. It was a failure. It set out to eradicate  heresy,
and  ended  by  perpetuating it. For every heretic it burned at
the stake, thousands of others rose up. Why was  that?  Because
the Inquisition killed its enemies in the open, and killed them
while  they  were  still  unrepentant:  in fact, it killed them
because they were unrepentant.  Men  were  dying  because  they
would  not  abandon their true beliefs. Naturally all the glory
belonged to the victim and all the shame to the Inquisitor  who
burned  him.  Later,  in  the twentieth century, there were the
totalitarians, as they were called. There were the German Nazis
and the Russian Communists. The Russians persecuted heresy more
cruelly than the Inquisition had done. And they  imagined  that
they  had  learned from the mistakes of the past; they knew, at
any rate, that one must not make martyrs. Before  they  exposed
their victims to public trial, they deliberately set themselves
to  destroy  their  dignity. They wore them down by torture and
solitude  until  they  were  despicable,   cringing   wretches,
confessing   whatever  was  put  into  their  mouths,  covering
themselves with  abuse,  accusing  and  sheltering  behind  one
another,  whimpering  for mercy. And yet after only a few years
the same thing had happened over again. The dead men had become
martyrs and their degradation was forgotten.  Once  again,  why
was  it?  In the first place, because the confessions that they
had made were obviously extorted and untrue.  We  do  not  make
mistakes  of  that  kind.  All the confessions that are uttered
here are true. We make them true. And above all we do not allow
the dead to rise up against us. You must  stop  imagining  that
posterity  will  vindicate  you,  Winston. Posterity will never
hear of you. You will be lifted clean out from  the  stream  of
history.  We  shall  turn  you  into  gas and pour you into the
stratosphere. Nothing will remain of  you,  not  a  name  in  a
register,  not  a  memory  in  a  living  brain.  You  will  be
annihilated in the past as well as  in  the  future.  You  will
never have existed.'
     Then  why  bother  to  torture me? thought Winston, with a
momentary  bitterness.  O'Brien  checked  his  step  as  though
Winston had uttered the thought aloud. His large ugly face came
nearer, with the eyes a little narrowed.
     'You  are  thinking,'  he  said,  'that since we intend to
destroy you utterly, so that nothing that you  say  or  do  can
make  the  smallest difference -- in that case, why do we go to
the trouble of interrogating you first? That is what  you  were
thinking, was it not?'
     'Yes,' said Winston.
     O'Brien  smiled  slightly. 'You are a flaw in the pattern,
Winston. You are a stain that must be wiped out. Did I not tell
you just now that we are different from the persecutors of  the
past? We are not content with negative obedience, nor even with
the  most  abject submission. When finally you surrender to us,
it must be of your own free will. We do not destroy the heretic
because he resists us: so  long  as  he  resists  us  we  never
destroy  him.  We  convert  him,  we capture his inner mind, we
reshape him. We burn all evil and all illusion out of  him;  we
bring  him  over to our side, not in appearance, but genuinely,
heart and soul. We make him one of  ourselves  before  we  kill
him.  It  is intolerable to us that an erroneous thought should
exist anywhere in the world, however secret  and  powerless  it
may  be.  Even  in  the  instant  of death we cannot permit any
deviation. In the old days the  heretic  walked  to  the  stake
still  a  heretic, proclaiming his heresy, exulting in it. Even
the victim of the Russian purges could carry  rebellion  locked
up  in  his skull as he walked down the passage waiting for the
bullet. But we make the brain perfect before we  blow  it  out.
The  command  of  the  old despotisms was "Thou shalt not". The
command of the totalitarians was "Thou shalt". Our  command  is
"Thou  art".  No  one  whom  we bring to this place ever
stands out against us. Everyone is  washed  clean.  Even  those
three  miserable  traitors in whose innocence you once believed
-- Jones, Aaronson, and Rutherford -- in the end we broke  them
down.  I  took  part  in their interrogation myself. I saw them
gradually worn down, whimpering, grovelling, weeping -- and  in
the  end  it was not with pain or fear, only with penitence. By
the time we had finished with them they were only the shells of
men. There was nothing left in them except sorrow for what they
had done, and love of Big Brother. It was touching to  see  how
they  loved  him.  They begged to be shot quickly, so that they
could die while their minds were still clean.'
     His voice had grown almost  dreamy.  The  exaltation,  the
lunatic   enthusiasm,   was  still  in  his  face.  He  is  not
pretending, thought Winston, he is not a hypocrite, he believes
every  word  he  says.  What  most  oppressed   him   was   the
consciousness  of  his own intellectual inferiority. He watched
the heavy yet graceful form strolling to and fro, in and out of
the range of his vision. O'Brien was a being in all ways larger
than himself. There was no idea that he had ever had, or  could
have,  that  O'Brien  had  not  long  ago  known, examined, and
rejected. His mind contained Winston's mind. But in that
case how could it be true that O'Brien was mad? It must be  he,
Winston,  who  was  mad. O'Brien halted and looked down at him.
His voice had grown stern again.
     'Do not imagine that  you  will  save  yourself,  Winston,
however  completely  you  surrender  to us. No one who has once
gone astray is ever spared. And even if we  chose  to  let  you
live  out  the natural term of your life, still you would never
escape  from  us.  What  happens  to  you  here  is  for  ever.
Understand  that  in  advance.  We  shall crush you down to the
point from which there is no coming back. Things will happen to
you from which you could not recover, if you lived  a  thousand
years.  Never  again  will  you  be  capable  of ordinary human
feeling. Everything will be dead inside you. Never  again  will
you  be  capable  of  love, or friendship, or joy of living, or
laughter, or curiosity, or courage, or integrity. You  will  be
hollow.  We shall squeeze you empty, and then we shall fill you
with ourselves.'
     He paused and signed to the man in the white coat. Winston
was aware of some heavy piece of apparatus  being  pushed  into
place  behind his head. O'Brien had sat down beside the bed, so
that his face was almost on a level with Winston's.
     'Three thousand,' he said, speaking over Winston's head to
the man in the white coat.
     Two  soft  pads,  which  felt  slightly   moist,   clamped
themselves  against  Winston's  temples.  He quailed. There was
pain  coming,  a  new  kind  of  pain.  O'Brien  laid  a   hand
reassuringly, almost kindly, on his.
     'This  time  it  will  not hurt,' he said. 'Keep your eyes
fixed on mine.'
     At this moment there was a devastating explosion, or  what
seemed  like  an  explosion,  though it was not certain whether
there was any noise. There was undoubtedly a blinding flash  of
light.  Winston  was not hurt, only prostrated. Although he had
already been lying on his back when the thing happened, he  had
a  curious feeling that he had been knocked into that position.
A terrific painless blow had flattened him out. Also  something
had  happened inside his head. As his eyes regained their focus
he remembered who he was, and where he was, and recognized  the
face that was gazing into his own; but somewhere or other there
was  a  large  patch  of  emptiness, as though a piece had been
taken out of his brain.
     'It will not last,' said O'Brien. 'Look me  in  the  eyes.
What country is Oceania at war with?'
     Winston  thought.  He  knew  what was meant by Oceania and
that he himself was a citizen of Oceania.  He  also  remembered
Eurasia  and  Eastasia; but who was at war with whom he did not
know. In fact he had not been aware that there was any war.
     'I don't remember.'
     'Oceania is at war with Eastasia.  Do  you  remember  that
now?'
     'Yes.'
     'Oceania  has  always been at war with Eastasia. Since the
beginning of your life, since the beginning of the Party, since
the beginning of history,  the  war  has  continued  without  a
break, always the same war. Do you remember that?'
     'Yes.'
     '  Eleven  years  ago you created a legend about three men
who had been condemned to death for  treachery.  You  pretended
that  you had seen a piece of paper which proved them innocent.
No such piece of paper ever existed. You invented it, and later
you grew to believe in it. You remember now the very moment  at
which you first invented it. Do you remember that?'
     'Yes.'
     'Just now I held up the fingers of my hand to you. You saw
five fingers. Do you remember that?'
     'Yes.'
     O'Brien  held  up  the  fingers of his left hand, with the
thumb concealed.
     'There are five fingers there. Do you see five fingers?'
     'Yes.'
     And he did see them, for a fleeting  instant,  before  the
scenery of his mind changed. He saw five fingers, and there was
no  deformity.  Then  everything  was normal again, and the old
fear, the hatred,  and  the  bewilderment  came  crowding  back
again. But there had been a moment -- he did not know how long,
thirty seconds, perhaps -- of luminous certainty, when each new
suggestion  of O'Brien's had filled up a patch of emptiness and
become absolute truth, and when two and  two  could  have  been
three  as  easily as five, if that were what was needed. It had
faded but before O'Brien had dropped his hand;  but  though  he
could  not recapture it, he could remember it, as one remembers
a vivid experience at some period of one's life when one was in
effect a different person.
     'You see now,' said O'Brien,  'that  it  is  at  any  rate
possible.'
     'Yes,' said Winston.
     O'Brien  stood  up  with a satisfied air. Over to his left
Winston saw the man in the white coat break an ampoule and draw
back the plunger of a syringe. O'Brien turned to Winston with a
smile. In almost the old manner he resettled his spectacles  on
his nose.
     'Do you remember writing in your diary,' he said, 'that it
did not  matter whether I was a friend or an enemy, since I was
at least a person who understood you and could  be  talked  to?
You  were  right.  I enjoy talking to you. Your mind appeals to
me. It resembles my own mind  except  that  you  happen  to  be
insane.  Before we bring the session to an end you can ask me a
few questions, if you choose.'
     'Any question I like?'
     'Anything.' He saw that Winston's eyes were upon the dial.
'It is switched off. What is your first question?'
     'What have you done with Julia?' said Winston.
     O'Brien  smiled  again.  'She   betrayed   you,   Winston.
Immediately-unreservedly.  I  have seldom seen anyone come over
to us so promptly. You would hardly recognize her  if  you  saw
her.  All  her  rebelliousness,  her  deceit,  her  folly,  her
dirty-mindedness -- everything has been burned out of  her.  It
was a perfect conversion, a textbook case.'
     'You tortured her?'
     O'Brien left this unanswered. 'Next question,' he said.
     'Does Big Brother exist?'
     'Of course he exists. The Party exists. Big Brother is the
embodiment of the Party.'
     'Does he exist in the same way as I exist?
     'You do not exist,' said O'Brien.
     Once  again  the  sense  of  helplessness assailed him. He
knew, or he could imagine, the arguments which proved  his  own
nonexistence;  but they were nonsense, they were only a play on
words. Did not the statement, 'You do  not  exist',  contain  a
logical  absurdity?  But  what  use  was it to say so? His mind
shrivelled as he thought of  the  unanswerable,  mad  arguments
with which O'Brien would demolish him.
     'I  think I exist,' he said wearily. 'I am conscious of my
own identity. I was born and I shall die. I have arms and legs.
I occupy a particular point in space. No other solid object can
occupy the same point simultaneously. In that sense,  does  Big
Brother exist?'
     'It is of no importance. He exists.'
     'Will Big Brother ever die?'
     'Of course not. How could he die? Next question.'
     'Does the Brotherhood exist?'
     'That,  Winston,  you will never know. If we choose to set
you free when we have finished with you, and if you live to  be
ninety years old, still you will never learn whether the answer
to  that  question is Yes or No. As long as you live it will be
an unsolved riddle in your mind.'
     Winston lay silent. His breast  rose  and  fell  a  little
faster.  He still had not asked the question that had come into
his mind the first. He had got to ask it, and  yet  it  was  as
though  his  tongue  would  not  utter it. There was a trace of
amusement in O'Brien's face. Even his spectacles seemed to wear
an ironical gleam. He knows, thought Winston suddenly, he knows
what I am going to ask! At the thought the words burst  out  of
him:
     'What is in Room 101?'
     The  expression  on  O'Brien's  face  did  not  change. He
answered drily:
     'You know what is in Room  101,  Winston.  Everyone  knows
what is in Room 101.'
     He raised a finger to the man in the white coat. Evidently
the session  was at an end. A needle jerked into Winston's arm.
He sank almost instantly into deep sleep.

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